In frame buildings with flat walls and cutting the ribbon width lighting and window openings determines the width of individual spots on the axes of the bearing structure framework.
In the design of buildings the size of window openings set with appropriate lighting facilities, depending on their destination, dimension, natural light in the specific geographical conditions, the light characteristics of the window when these ratios draft room and the window opening, haze window assembly, etc.
Square window openings as a percentage of the area facilities regulated “building codes” (SNIP II-A862) and determined by the formula.
In SNIP P-A862 provides a normalized value of KE. in key areas of residential and public buildings located north of 45 ° and 60 ° south latitude, subject to mandatory regular cleaning glasses at least 2 times a year to the premises with a small amount of dust, smoke and soot, and fourfold for premises with a large selection.
When the location of buildings south of 45 ° north latitude normalized value of KE. multiplied by a factor of 0.75, while the location of buildings north of 60 ° north latitude by a factor of 1.2.
For example, lateral illumination in the buildings, located north of 45 ° and south of 60 ° latitude north of the KE. eating is 0,5 for homes, 1 in the locker rooms and doctors’ offices, 1.5 in the classroom and labs, classrooms, assembly and sports halls, group rooms of kindergartens, dressings and laboratory rooms of hospitals, maternity wards and 2 operating units of hospitals.
SNIP deviate by ± 10% of the calculated values of KE. (average or minimum) of the normalized in the appointment of sizes and window openings.
In the SNP are the values of the total light transmission coefficient skylights m0. These values take into account the darkening of the aperture bearing design, material and design of binding. For example, to single-cover T0 = 0,4, for the double fact = 0,25, for a pair T0 = 0,3.
Thus, the haze window opening at all under equal conditions affect the distance between the glass and the number of glasses. Naturally, with an increase in the number of glasses and the distance between the windows haze is worsening due to the absorption and refraction of light rays.
The reflectivity of the walls, ceiling and floor is taken into account the coefficient r (SNIP). At medium tones wall decoration r = 3,0.
Effect of illumination on the room darkening window openings opposing buildings take into account the coefficient k. In the new construction while respecting the required gaps between the buildings obscuring factor is practically equal to 1 and can not be taken into account.
Light characteristic windows u0 depends on the ratio of width and depth of the illuminated areas and in the ratio of its depth to the elevation of N upper edge of the window over the conditional working plane (for example, in the classroom) or sex (in accommodation), the value of the light characteristics of u0 given in SNIP (the height of the sill not more than 1,2 m).
Using these values in accordance with the data of the illuminated room, you can determine the value of the light characteristics of the window aperture with rounded relationship between the width and length of space between it and the depth and elevation of the upper edge of the window. For a more accurate determination of intermediate values of light characteristics of the window should use the method of interpolation.
The value of light characteristics of the window
After determining the values of normalized ratio of natural light it, the overall coefficient of transmittance fact, the coefficient of influence of the reflected light and light characteristics of T box r0 for the premises (in the absence of obscuring windows opposing buildings) and substituting these values in the transformed formula we obtain the desired area of the window opening.
Ratio of trench opening to the area of the premises is 1,5511,5 = 17.4. SNP has a more approximate calculation of the square window opening:
“To determine the square window openings in dwelling and public buildings and auxiliary buildings of industrial enterprises in the relevant chapters of the SNP or other regulatory instruments established, based on the requirements of this chapter, the rules of space and window openings in shares (or%) of floor space space in which the ratio of the main dimensions (depth, width and height) satisfy the guidelines of the relevant Heads of building regulations or other regulations (SNIP II-L862, Chapter 1 and 2, note 3).
Relevant section of the building regulations for residential buildings of an average rate of the square apertures of 1: 8 from the floor area space.
The degree of illumination facilities significantly affects the thickness of exterior walls and the pattern of binding.
Increasing the width of the window of the slope and small division window frames with horizontal elements, especially in the windows with separate bindings, sharply reduce svetopro-puskaemost windows and lighting facilities.
You can compare the cuts on the window with separate bindings in a thick wall and the window with paired casements in modern panel design of the outer wall. From this comparison it is evident that the use of window units with large elements of glazing in modern buildings polnosbornyh structures with thin outer walls of the effective material can without compromising the lighting facilities to reduce the area of the window opening, and thereby improve the economy of construction, as well as 1 m 2 window filling is more expensive 1 m2 of wall.
However, the device dim room loggias and balconies a slight increase in the area of the window opening is justified, for this SNP provides an increase in the square opening in 2030% against the norm.
The absolute size of the window openings are in direct proportion to the standard sizes of window units, the fourth in the outer walls and the gaps between the window frame and the slope of the opening.
Dimension window assembly consists of the dimensions of cross sections of elements (valves, boxes) and glass, these dimensions are determined by the relevant GOST and their changes are not allowed. For example, a standard dvuhstvorny window assembly width 1320 mm with paired sash width consists of two side sections of 85 mm and the average (at impost) section of 130 mm. Width of glass (multiple of 25 mm) in each leaf is 525 mm, with each side of the glass at 7.5 mm comes in falets width of 10 mm window binding and, consequently, the apparent width of the window is 510 mm.
If we consider that the gaps between the window frame and the slope should be (for convenience konopatki) not less than 2,025 mm on each side, one can determine the size of the width of the gap in the fourth and in the light (minus the size of two quarters). Dimensions quarter depend on the design of the walls. For example, in the brick walls of the width of a quarter is 65 mm, etc. e. quarter brick, in large concrete blocks 100 mm in panels of 5060 mm.
Note the size gradation of the trenches through the glass of 25 mm and the ceiling sheets of glass with different thickness.
In determining the absolute size of the window opening should also check how fit window box with a hole in the quarters. Here, while respecting the necessary clearance between the window frame and the slope is necessary that box protrudes quarters for not more than 2025 mm.
The height of the trench opening defined in the same, with the position of the upper part of the window boxes should be in full compliance with the lateral elements and the lower element of the box must be placed in the doorway with a trench-board with a thickness of 45 mm.
In modern building height of the window opening is limited headroom, lintels and sill levels, and the ability shirinanesuschey piers.
In frame buildings with flat walls and cutting the ribbon width lighting and window openings determines the width of individual spots on the axes of the bearing structure framework.
Find the right balance between the height and width of window openings to take account of lighting facilities important creative and economic challenges. Typically, the height of the window opening is taken uniform for the entire building and is determined by GOST, and the choice depends on the width of the gap found by the formula of its area: the width of the aperture is the quotient of the square aperture, adopted its height.
